Discussion 2: Applying the Biopsychosocial Model

The World Health Organization (n.d.) identifies health as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being” (p. 1). This quote refers to the notion that health should not be reduced to a single, biological source; rather, biology must be considered in relation to other psychological and social factors. George Engel, a psychiatrist in the 1970s, developed the biopsychosocial model to avoid the pitfalls of reductionism so often associated with the traditional medical model. A practitioner using the model to diagnose and treat depression might consider the patient’s family history of depression (biological factor), life stressors, such as the loss of a job (psychological factors), and level of social support from family and friends (social factor). In this discussion, you will explore the biopsychosocial model in more detail and how it can be applied to a variety of different health issues. 

Reference

World Health Organization (n.d.). Constitution of WHO: Principles. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/about/mission/en/ 

To Prepare

• Review the article, The Biopsychosocial Model 25 Years Later: Principles, Practice, and Scientific Inquiry. Think about how and why the biopsychosocial model was created. Also, consider the role of a patient’s subjective experience in the diagnosis and treatment of health issues.
• Review the remaining articles on the biopsychosocial model. Think about how biological, psychological, and social factors affect the health and wellness issues addressed in the articles.
• Select one health issue from the following list:
  • Migraine headaches
  • Postpartum depression
  • Obesity
  • Substance abuse/addiction
  • Eating Disorder (anorexia, bulimia)
• Identify biological, psychological, and social factors that contribute to the health issue you selected.
• Reflect on how the person’s subjective experience may influence the mitigation or severity of the health issue you selected.

By Day 4

Post a response to the following:

Describe the health issue you selected and identify key contributors or factors, based on the biopsychosocial model, that could contribute to the development of the issue (be sure to include all three aspects of the model). Then describe the role of subjective experience and how it could influence the mitigation/severity of the issue. 

Note: Support your postings and responses with specific references to the Learning Resources and any additional sources you identify using both in-text citations and references. It is strongly recommended that you include proper APA format and citations.

  PLEASE PLACE THE NUMBER AND NAME NEXT TO EACH RESPONSE

Respond to Peers: 

Review several of your classmates’ posts, and by 11:59 p.m. on Day 7 of the week, respond to at least two of your classmates who chose a different type of pain to address than you chose. You are encouraged to post your required replies earlier in the week to promote more meaningful interactive discourse in this discussion. Ask questions that might help to further your understanding of the discussion or take the discussion to a deeper level. State whether or not you agree with your peer’s suggestions for treatment. Explain why, or why not. Support your comments to your classmates with evidence from at least one scholarly source including in-text citations and a reference list that are in accordance with APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..

Continue to monitor the discussion forum until 5:00 p.m. Mountain Standard Time (MST) on Day 7 of the week, and respond to anyone who replies to your initial post. In addition to responding to at least two of your classmates, you are required to respond to any questions your instructor asks you prior to 5:00 p.m. Mountain Standard Time (MST) on Day 7.

#1 Charity Parker

YesterdayJan 10 at 9:05am

Manage Discussion Entry

• Identify the type of pain your client is experiencing for which applications of applied behavioral science are appropriate (e.g., arthritis, bone or joint pain, muscle pain, fibromyalgia, migraine headaches, cancer pain, post-surgery, etc.).

 Jessica a 35 year old lady, a formally very active lady, was involved in a tragic car accident leaving her with damage to her vertebrate, causing her constant back pain. She is becoming very depressed at her now dependency, being stuck in a wheelchair. She is starting to gain weight from the depression, and is no longer motivated to attend physical therapy.

• Describe any psychological factors and emotional states of your client which appear to impact her or his mental and physical health (e.g., depression, anxiety, general level of satisfaction with life).

 Jessica has become so depressed, at times she does not want to even get out of bed. She is not use to relying on other to care for her, and feels like a burden to her one and only daughter. She feels held back from all the normal activities that she use to participate in, going jogging, dancing, and even having to quit her full-time job. She is in such pain, it makes it hard for her to even move, although she is supposed to be attending physical therapy, she feels like she sees no improvement and it’s causing her pain, so she has cut back from going. With this depression and over eating, this can lead to further problems if she does not change her eating habits. This can lead to obesity, and further more even more complications. “Obesity predisposes individuals to a variety of health risks, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, asthma, and sleep apnea( McCarthy; DeLisa; Getzfeld; McCarthy; Moss-King; Mosser;Privera; Spence;Walker; Weinberg; Yousself- Morgan, 2016. Section 3.4, par 3).

 • Indicate the client’s locus of control and health motivation. Utilize terminology outlined in your reading.

 Jessica at times has no motivation. Her depression has gotten the best of her. With the help and support of her daughter, she realizes she needs to push through these physical therapy sessions or she will be stuck in that wheelchair for good. Since she loves the outdoors, her daughter is now taking her to the park to the walking chair, encouraging her to push herself, while still being able to enjoy the outdoors that she so dearly misses. She is now changing her eating style, and attending physical therapy sessions again. She has faced the facts, and realized she needs a change in her lifestyle if she wants to get better. Her motivation is growing and her depression is subsiding.

• Identify any additional stressors your client is experiencing that may exacerbate her or his pain experience.

With her negative thinking she was becoming more depressed. She would get frustrated and give up when she couldn’t achieve something on her own.

 • Based on the reading, identify at least one pain management technique you believe would best reduce the pain experience in this situation.

Because of Jessica’s love for the outdoors I believe, Mindfulness – based stress Reduction can help with her depression. This has been shown to “ reduce stress and anxiety symptoms, negative mood related feelings, depression, and even increase self-esteem and improve overall functioning”( 4.3, par 21). Being able to just be outdoors, watching sunsets, enjoying the outdoors can help lift her spirits and give her a new outlook on life. “ Meditation can be a great healing process.
“techniques, such as diaphragmatic breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, distraction, medi-tation, and guided imagery have been shown to significantly reduce pain”( Haozous, Doorenbos; Ardith; Stoner,2016 par 2).

• Examine the application of your selected pain management technique in relation to the same situation within a different culture. Explain the role of the perception of pain and the impact of culture on perception of pain, identifying and usage trends of applied behavioral science unique to different groups.

All cultures are different, we all look to healing within our own beliefs. Many different cultures believe in more natural ways of healing. A study done on, American Indians and Alaska natives showed,”specific activities mentioned including drumming, traditional crafts such as beating and pottery, Gathering and using traditional herbs, prayer and working with a medicine person or traditional Indian medicine practitioner.”( Haozous; Doorenbos; Ardith; Stoner,2016. Pg. 238, par.1). With Indians believing in natural herbs for healing, and the love of outdoors, I believe Mindfulness- based stress Reduction would be a pain management technique they use as well.

References–

Haozousus Emily A.; Doorenbos, Ardith Z.; Stoner, Susan;( 2016)Pain Management Experiences and the Acceptability of Cognitive Behavioral Strategies among American Indians and Alaska Natives Journal of Transcultural Nursing , Vol 27(3), May, 2016 pp. 233-240. Publisher: Sage Publications; [Journal Article] Database: PsycINFO

McCarthy, C. J., DeLisi, M., Getzfeld, A. R., McCarthy, C. J., Moss-King, D. A., Mossler, R., Privitera, G. J., Spence, C., Walker, J. D., Weinberg, R. S., & Youssef-Morgan, C. M. (2016). Introduction to applied behavioral science[Electronic version]. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/

#2Kristine Hunt

YesterdayJan 10 at 10:51pm

Manage Discussion Entry

· Identify the type of pain your client is experiencing for which applications of applied behavioral science are appropriate (e.g., arthritis, bone or joint pain, muscle pain, fibromyalgia, migraine headaches, cancer pain, post-surgery, etc.).

My client is a 20 year old white female who suffered from multiple myeloma. She was hospitalized on and off for the last 5 years and initially not expected to survive. She did survive, however, but had to use a wheelchair and crutches during those 5 years. She was treated successfully in the hospital with medications and recently underwent a couple surgeries at the Mayo clinic in Chicago, where she had a bone graft from her hip to her thigh. She is now in full recovery with no lingering illness but she is struggling to regain her physical, as well as mental strength.

· Describe any psychological factors and emotional states of your client which appear to impact her or his mental and physical health (e.g., depression, anxiety, general level of satisfaction with life).

She presents with symptoms of depression and feelings of worthlessness because she knows that she has been a burden on her family. Her mother, who has essentially been a single mother throughout this ordeal, has had to balance raising 5 girls on her own, working fulltime and trying to pay for the medical and hospital bills. Her father, an alcoholic, left home shortly after she got sick and has only said negative things to her, telling her that she should just die because she is a burden on the family. She has also struggled with the social aspect of being in a wheelchair or on crutches throughout all of her high school career.

· Indicate the client’s locus of control and health motivation. Utilize terminology outlined in your reading.

My client seems to have a strong, internal locus of control. She has a will to live that even her doctors did not predict. She fought the odds and came back from the brink of death because she believed that she could. In her mind, she was in control of her body and certainly her mind to overcome her illness and fight off the disease that overtook her.

· Identify any additional stressors your client is experiencing that may exacerbate her or his pain experience.

Additional stressors include her inability to get a job in the field that she wanted. She applied for a flight attendant position but, because of the surgery to her leg, was denied the position. She was given a desk job instead. This is a major disappointment to her.

· Based on the reading, identify at least one pain management technique you believe would best reduce the pain experience in this situation.

I believe that she will greatly benefit from mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) as a pain management technique to reduce the pain she is experiencing. She has a very positive outlook on her future and she is determined to overcome her depression and pain but she is looking for help to manage her pain, with physical and mental or emotional setbacks. MBSR is a form of training for people who experience both mental and physical distress. MBSR programs typically focus on increasing the skill of mindfulness by practices such as meditation and body scan, which is then incorporated in to everyday life to cope (Fjorback, Arendt, Ornbol, Fink, & Walach, 2011).

· Examine the application of your selected pain management technique in relation to the same situation within a different culture. Explain the role of the perception of pain and the impact of culture on perception of pain, identifying and usage trends of applied behavioral science unique to different groups.

I don’t believe that the pain management technique MBSR is widely accepted in many other cultures. I believe it would be found predominantly in first-world countries that are more open and accepting of advanced thinking and techniques for pain management. For instance, I don’t believe you would find a doctor of any kind in most third-world countries who would recommend the use of MBSR to a patient or client looking for alternative treatment for pain. In our country, we emphasize the use of many different tools to manage pain, including counseling and health psychology. In many third-world countries, people don’t have access to counseling and health psychology. They mainly just deal with the pain or perhaps get medication to help with it. Pain is part of life. People who do not have access or knowledge of such things as counseling and health psychology don’t even know there are other ways to deal with pain.

The world is seen as an unlimited complex of change and novelty, order and disorder. Out of this total flux we select certain contexts; these contexts serve as organizing gestalts or patterns that give meaning and scope to the vast array of details that, without the organizing pattern, would be meaningless or invisible (Lilienfeld, 1978, pp. 9). In other words, to understand and cope with the world, we take on different conceptual perspectives as we might put on different pairs of glasses, with each providing a different perspective. The pragmatic “truth” of a particular perspective does not lie in its correspondence with “objective reality” because that reality is continuously in flux. Rather, pragmatic truth lies in the usefulness of the perspective in helping us to solve particular problems and achieve particular goals in today’s world (Fishman and Messer, 2013, Vol. 17, No. 2, 156 –161).

References: 

McCarthy, C. J., DeLisi, M., Getzfeld, A. R., McCarthy, C. J., Moss-King, D. A., Mossler, R., Privitera, G. J., Spence, C., Walker, J. D., Weinberg, R. S., & Youssef-Morgan, C. M. (2016). Links to an external site.Introduction to applied behavioral science [Electronic version].Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/

Fishman, D. B., & Messer, S. B. (2013). Pragmatic case studies as a source of unity in applied psychology. Review of General Psychology, 17(2), 156-161. doi: 10.1037/a0032927

   

Global Warming: A Major Concern

According to World Health Organization (WHO), global warming is the primary issues for concern. Noise pollution, overcrowding, traffic jams are some factors that have led to this problem. Lack of privacy is another factor in the modern times that is impacting people in ways that haven’t been examined yet. We also see a wide variance in weather patterns, such as severe hurricanes and drought conditions in the U.S.

Source: World Health Organization (WHO). (n.d.). Climate change. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/topics/climate/en/

Based on your understanding of the topic, create a report in a Microsoft Word document answering the following questions:

• Examine one weather condition over the past two years in the U.S. which drastically affected the population. How can the community better prepare their families for such severe conditions?
• Do you agree with the statement that countries should be held accountable for their contribution to climate change? Why or why not?
• List some of the issues that might occur as the world’s population increases? Factor in water, food, and hazardous waste into your comments. Suggest ideas to address or avoid these issues.

According to the CDC website, violence is attributed for approximately fifty thousand deaths each year and results in over 2.5 million injuries. Homicide and suicide are the second and third leading causes of death, respectively, among US population aged fifteen to thirty four years.

Hospital emergency departments treat an average of fifty five people for injuries every minute. The worst after effect of the sudden population explosion across the globe is the rise in violence.

• How have violent injuries affected a community? What steps have communities taken to decrease overall violent crimes?
• What steps can the federal or state governments take to help support communities affected from random or consistent violent acts?
• What can parents do in their homes to help educate children about risks and preventative accidents to help keep them safe? What role should parents take to reduce family violence?
• How can health promotion and wellness programs play a significant role to reduce individual or gang violence?
• How can schools and work environments increase safety measures against violent individuals or gangs entering their establishments?
• What roles should parents, neighbors, friends, health care personnel, and the community take when they observe someone who may exhibit unusual behavior or comments to help prevent potential violence? What agencies or resources are available to help communities cope and help their members seek help or assistance?

Please write a response for each discussion.

 

 

 

Barthelemy 6.1

There are different types of the research question the research will have to understand in the process of the data collection. In my research, I identified different type of survey item which the researchers explained. The closed-ended question will have some the common items the rating scale, forced choices, dichotomous and rank order questions.

The rating question is one of the styles which majority of the organization use, in this case, the respondent is forced to choose the any of the predetermined response on the scale. The Likert-type is the main example which is used in this case. An example will be: rate the service which you rescued in the hotel was up the best

1. Strongly agree 2. Agree, 3. Neither agrees nor disagree, 4. Disagree and 5. Strongly disagree

The semantic differential provides the same scale with different opposing directions.

Multiple choice items are the other most common items of the survey, in this case, the respondent will be required to make a choice between two or more options (Taylor, 2015). For example: where would you prefer to for your vacation. 1. Britain, 2. Bahamas 3. Canada 4. Spain

Stepanek 6.1

 

The sample survey chosen was a restaurant client feedback survey template.  The first question was “What is your gender?”  This question is a nominal scale type of question.  It is the simple to use but the amount of information gathered is limited. This type of scale classifies characteristics into ‘non ordered, exhaustive, and mutually exclusive categories’ (Erford, 2015). Nominal scales have little mathematical value and usually reflect investigator demographics.

The second question, “What age group are you in?” is an example of an interval scale.  The interval options were a) < 20; b) 21-30; c) 31-40; d)41-50; e) 51-60; f) 60+.  “Interval scales have ordered response categories, and the magnitude between each category choice is of an equal interval” (Erford, 2015). Interval scales do not have an absolute zero point so comparisons cannot be made related to the data collected.

The third question, “How often do you visit ‘name of restaurant’? is an example of an ordinal scale.  The options were ‘several times a week’, ‘several times a month’, ‘once a month’, ‘several times a year’, ‘once a year or less often’, ‘visited only once’ and’ never’.  Ordinal scales have choices that are categorized in an ordered sequence.  In this case, the choices decreased in order of frequency.

The following questions are all Likert-type scales using ‘strongly agree’, ‘agree’, ‘neutral’, ‘disagree’, and ‘strongly disagree’.  There are no numerical values listed with the wording which may leave these questions as arbitrary answers.