SOC 100 MIDTERM EXAM PART 1
Question 1
Patterned social arrangements that have an enabling or constraining effect on agency are referred to as:
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Structure |
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Institutions |
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Free will |
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Socialization |
Question 2
_____ is considered the first female sociologist and argued that injustices such as slavery and women’s inequality stunted a society’s moral development.
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Auguste Comte |
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Émile Durkheim |
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Karl Marx |
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Harriet Martineau |
Question 3
Formal organizations characterized by written rules, hierarchical authority, and a paid staff, intended to promote organizational efficiency, are referred to as:
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Institutions |
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Universities |
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Bureaucracies |
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Government |
Question 4
The relationship between agency and structure is _____, as ______.
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one-sided, agency influences structure |
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one-sided, structure enables or constrains agency |
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reciprocal, they both have an effect on one another |
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nonexistent, there is no relationship between the two |
Question 5
Accepted social behaviors and beliefs are referred to as:
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Norms |
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Culture |
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Social status |
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Values |
Question 6
The bonds that unite the members of a social group is referred to as:
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Culture |
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Social solidarity |
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Norms |
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Societal unity |
Question 7
_____ believed that nearly all known societies are characterized by some system of division by economic class, which results in conflict as classes compete for wealth, power, and resources.
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Auguste Comte |
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Émile Durkheim |
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Karl Marx |
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Harriet Martineau |
Question 8
The ability to evaluate claims about truth by using reason and evidence is referred to as:
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Critical thinking |
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Sociological imagination |
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Scientific reasoning |
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Logical thought |
Question 9
The ability of individuals and groups to exercise free will and to make social change is referred to as:
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Structure |
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Agency |
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Free choice |
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Individualism |
Question 10
A researcher finds that as income increases, square footage of respondent’s home also increases. This is an example of:
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Positive correlation |
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Positive causation |
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Negative correlation |
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Increasatory relationship |
Question 11
A variable is defined as:
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The description of a relationship |
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A phenomena that is constantly changing |
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A term used to summarize a set of phenomena |
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A concept that can take on two or more possible values |
Question 12
A _____ relationship is one in which one variable is the cause of another variable.
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Correlated |
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Causal |
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Positive |
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Statistical |
Question 13
The degree to which two or more variables are associated with one another is referred to as:
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Causation |
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Statistical relationship |
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Correlation |
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Frequency |
Question 14
_____ reasoning starts from specific data and tries to identify larger patterns from which to derive more general theories.
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Logical |
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Inductive |
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Ground-level |
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Deductive |
Question 15
A researcher finds that as years spent driving increases, the number of accidents decreases. This is an example of:
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Negative causation |
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Negative correlation |
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Positive correlation |
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Decreasing relationship |
Question 16
The term used to summarize a set of phenomena is:
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Definition |
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Concept |
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Operationalization |
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Pattern |
Question 17
The repetition of a previous study using a different sample or population to verify or refute the original findings is referred to as:
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Verification |
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Replication |
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Validation |
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Reliability |
Question 18
A culture that exists together with a dominant culture but differs from it in some important respects is referred to as:
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Ethnicity |
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Subculture |
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Counterculture |
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Subgroup |
Question 19
The ability of a local culture to absorb outside influences that fit in and enrich their culture while resisting those that are alien is known as:
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Staying power |
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Grobalization |
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Glocalization |
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Globalization |
Question 20
The beliefs, norms, behaviors, and products common to the members of a particular group are referred to as:
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Ethnicity |
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Culture |
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Society |
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Class |
Question 21
Powerful mores, the violation of which is considered serious and even unthinkable, are referred to as:
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Criminal laws |
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Commandments |
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Taboos |
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Fundamental values |
Question 22
Cultural representations of social realities are referred to as:
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Images |
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Symbols |
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Trademarks |
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Ethnographies |
Question 23
The worldview whereby we judge other cultures by the standards of our own is referred to as:
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Patriotism |
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Nationalism |
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Ethnocentrism |
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Multiculturalism |
Question 24
Particular ideas that people accept as true are referred to as:
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Religion |
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Cultural norms |
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Values |
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Beliefs |
Question 25
Abstract and general standards in society that define ideal principles such as right and wrong are referred to as:
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Laws |
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Public opinions |
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Religious beliefs |
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Values |
